LECOM OMS-1 Embryology Development of the Heart Practice Exam

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• Tetralogy of Fallot is typically caused by defects in which cell population?
• In transposition of the great arteries, how are the great arteries positioned?
• What embryologic defect yields an ostium primum ASD?
• Atrioventricular canal defect results from failure of fusion of which structures?
• Which process brings the heart tube into the thorax?
• Which location is most commonly affected by atrial septal defects?
• After birth, what is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
• Which primitive structure gives rise to the proximal aorta and pulmonary trunk?
• The smooth-walled portion of the right atrium (sinus venosus region) is derived from which structure?
• Which two components are formed in the cardiogenic area due to endoderm signaling?
• Is the septum primum open or closed after birth?
• Where does neural crest contribute in heart development?
• Neural crest cells contribute to semilunar valves.
• What is the embryologic origin of the epicardium?
• The remnant of the fetal foramen ovale is which structure?
• Which structures form the outflow tract that gives rise to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?
• Neural crest cells are involved in conotruncal defects such as Tetralogy of Fallot. Which cell type is implicated?
• Primordial Ventricle gives rise to?
• Which vein drains the yolk sac into the developing venous system?
• Which two septa form the interatrial septum?
• From which embryologic tissue do cardiac progenitors originate to form the primitive heart tube?
• Membranous portion of the interventricular septum is formed by contributions from which structures?
• What is the foramen primum?
• Which statement correctly describes the endocardial cushions?
• Which adult structures do the primordial atrium contribute to?
• During early heart development, how does the myocardium of the heart tube beat?
• In the embryonic/fetal cardiovascular system, where does the fetus receive oxygenated blood?
• A newborn presents with cyanotic episodes and shortness of breath, especially while feeding. An echocardiogram shows a defect where contrast injected into the right ventricle enters the aorta, there is abnormal flow between the ventricles, and pulmonary stenosis. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Truncus Arteriosus gives rise to which structures?
• Endocardial cushions form by which process?
• Dextrocardia results from which embryologic event?
• What is the result of the transition from fetal to postnatal circulation?
• In Transposition of the Great Vessels, which statement about the great vessels is true?
• What must happen to the shunts bypassing the fetal lungs after birth?
• Which cell population contributes to remodeling of the outflow tract to form the great arteries and semilunar valves?
• Where does the septum primum descend?
• Endocardial cushions of the developing heart are formed from which tissue?
• Which cells migrate from the epiblast into the splanchnic mesoderm?
• What tissue partitions the primitive AV canal into right and left channels?
• Which tissue induces the formation of cardiac myoblasts and blood islands in the cardiogenic area?
• When does the heart begin to beat in embryogenesis?
• Atrioventricular valves are formed from which tissue?
• Epicardial-derived cells migrate into which tissue to form the coronary vasculature?
• A 2-month-old infant with shortness of breath and abnormal blood flow between the atria most likely has which diagnosis?
• Which order correctly lists the three layers of the developing heart tube from outer to inner?
• Which statement correctly reflects the composition of the interventricular septum?
• An opening in the septum secundum creates which foramen?
• Which cell population contributes to the development of the outflow tract and great vessels of the heart?
• What tissue forms the myocardium?
• What does the caudal portion of septum primum become?
• The aorticopulmonary septum is formed by the migration of which cells?
• Septation of the Outflow Tracts involves which ridges?
• Which syndrome is defined by 22q11 deletion and commonly associated with conotruncal defects?
• Which structure eventually takes over as the cardiac pacemaker?
• Conus Cordis forms the outflow tract of which ventricle?
• Formation of the aorticopulmonary septum is primarily due to migration of which cells?
• Conotruncal defects refer to malformations of which heart region?
• Where does the septum secundum develop?
• Muscular VSD accounts for approximately what percentage and tends to do what?
• The sinus venarum of the right atrium is formed by incorporation of which structure?
• Which adult structure is formed from the right horn of the sinus venosus?
• Which pathophysiology most directly contributes to cyanosis in Tetralogy of Fallot?
• The ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of which fetal structure?
• Anatomically, what structure remains as the remnant of the fetal foramen ovale?
• Which region of the sinus venosus contributes to the pacemaking tissue of the heart?
• What happens to the foramen primum?
• What forms the interventricular septum and what are its components?
• Which VSD type is most commonly presenting?
• The Secondary Heart Field forms which structures?
• In fetal circulation, which organ is the site of gas exchange?
• The fetal heart contains which structure?
• Which arch artery contributes to the proximal right subclavian artery?
• What condition results from complete mirror-image reversal of organ placement?
• Which fetal structure becomes the ligamentum arteriosum after birth?
• What is the function of the foramen ovale in fetal circulation?
• Conotruncal defects arise from abnormal migration of which cells into the truncus arteriosus?
• Which heart region is primarily derived from the secondary heart field?
• What happens to the cranial portion of septum primum?
• What determines the direction of heart looping in most individuals?
• The vitelline vein receives blood from which structure, and is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?
• During development, when the foramen ovale is present, which atrium has higher pressure?
• Which of the following is NOT a region of the primitive heart tube before looping?
• What are the two parts of the interventricular septum?
• Endocardial cushions contribute to which embryologic processes in heart development?
• R conotruncal ridge and L conotruncal ridge are populated by which cells?
• Which fetal shunt bypasses the liver by connecting the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava?
• What are the three layers of the heart tube?
• What happens to the foramen secundum during development?
• The most common type of atrial septal defect is which?
• An example of a defect in Semilunar Valve formation?
• Which layer forms the epicardium (visceral pericardium)?
• The common cardinal vein receives blood from which source, and is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?
• During which week of gestation does the heart tube form?
• Tetralogy of Fallot is classically defined by which combination of anomalies due to anterior malalignment of the infundibular septum?
• The mitral and tricuspid valves originate primarily from which tissue?
• What is the fate of the foramen ovale after birth?
• How many semilunar cusps are there per artery?
• In which condition does abnormal conotruncal septation cause the aorta to arise from the right ventricle?
• After birth, which structure closes to form the fossa ovalis?
• From which region does the atrioventricular (AV) node originate embryologically?
• Fate of ductus venosus after birth?
• The membranous portion of the interventricular septum is derived from which structures?
• Atrial septal defect is most likely due to improper development of which structures?
• The transverse pericardial sinus forms from breakdown of which structure?
• After birth, the Foramen ovale becomes what structure?
• Into which structure does the heart tube enter during early development?
• What is the normal fate of the ductus arteriosus after birth?
• What does the foramen primum do?
• How is the cardiogenic area formed?
• Which vein is NOT among the veins draining the sinus venosus in Week 4?
• Which event forms the aorticopulmonary septum?
• The common cardinal vein receives blood from which source?
• Week 5 sinuatrial (SA) node develops in which structure and becomes incorporated into which chamber?
• Normally, how many semilunar cusps are present per artery?
• Conotruncal ridges help form which major vessels?
• By what week are most major cardiac structures normally formed?
• The coronay sinus develops from which embryonic structure?
• Which of the following is a major systemic vein draining into the sinus venosus during Week 4?
• Large membranous VSDs may result in which hemodynamic change?
• Which two regions constitute the primitive outflow tract before septation?
• Which portion of the septum primum becomes the valve of the foramen ovale?
• The overlap of which septa forms the foramen ovale, enabling right-to-left shunting in utero?
• What structure divides the truncus arteriosus into the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
• The muscular portion of the interventricular septum is derived from which tissue?
• Which conditions are included in DiGeorge syndrome and are associated with conotruncal defects?
• By Week 5, what major remodeling occurs in the venous system?
• The aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves originate from which tissue and process?
• Which structure is NOT derived from the sinus venosus?
• Which genetic pathway establishes left-right asymmetry essential for normal heart looping?
• What is situs inversus totalis?
• The conotruncal region develops into which major vessels?
• After birth, when the fossa ovalis is present, which atrium has higher pressure?
• Membranous ventricular septal defects are most likely to occur in which part of the septum?
• Endocardial cushions contribute to which part of the interventricular septum?
• Endocardial cushion defects are associated with which congenital heart anomaly?
• How many regions constitute the primitive heart tube before looping?
• Which foramen typically disappears during development?
• Endocardial cushions form the atrioventricular septum and AV valves. Which option correctly completes this statement?
• The valve of the inferior vena cava and the valve of the coronary sinus are derivatives of which structure?
• From which structure does the left ventricle originate?
• Interatrial septum formation requires fusion of which structures?
• The septum primum does what?
• Which structure contributes to the formation of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves?
• Which structure is derived from the sinus venosus?
• Which process is responsible for separation of the truncus arteriosus into the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
• The right horn of the sinus venosus gives rise to which adult structure?
• Which of the following is NOT a conotruncal defect?
• Which vein drains the embryo's systemic circulation into the sinus venosus?
• Postnatally, which pressure change contributes to functional closure of the foramen ovale?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of Tetralogy of Fallot?
• Which congenital heart defect is commonly associated with a bicuspid aortic valve and may predispose to early aortic disease?
• Primordial Atrium gives rise to?
• Which adult structure is formed from the left horn of the sinus venosus?
• Which cell type contributes to both the formation of the conotruncal ridges and semilunar valves?
• The SA node, AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers develop from which cell type?
• During heart development, the pulmonary veins become incorporated into which chamber?
• Which cells migrate into the truncus arteriosus and conus cordis to form the aorticopulmonary septum?
• Which congenital defect results from failure of aorticopulmonary septation?
• What derivatives arise from the right fourth pharyngeal arch artery?
• Which signaling pathway governs the left-right axis and heart looping?
• The atrioventricular (AV) endocardial cushions contribute to which structures?
• Which fetal structure shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta?
• What is the most common congenital heart defect?
• Which option best lists the four classic findings of Tetralogy of Fallot?
• The Ductus arteriosus becomes after birth?
• How do coronary arteries form during heart development?
• What is the embryologic etiology of Tetralogy of Fallot?
• Which statement best describes membranous VSD in terms of progression?
• The umbilical vein receives blood from which source, and is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?
• A secundum-type atrial septal defect arises from abnormal development of which septal area?
• Which cells contribute to the formation of Semilunar Valves?
• The structure that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta in the fetus is which?
• In the adult, which fetal remnant becomes the ligamentum teres hepatis?
• Primitive Right Ventricle gives rise to?
• The right sinus horn develops into which structure?
• Tetralogy of Fallot is a classic example of which type of defect?
• Which vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus?
• Which arch artery is responsible for forming the left subclavian artery and parts of the aortic arch?
• How does the transverse pericardial sinus form?
• The coronary sinus does what?
• In Transposition of the Great Vessels, which statement is true about the origins of the great vessels?
• Which process contributes to the formation of the atrioventricular canal?
• The Primary Heart Field forms which structures?
• What embryologic event leads to the crista terminalis in the right atrium?
• What is the most common type of Ventricular Septal Defect?
• Which conotruncal defect is often associated with DiGeorge syndrome and involves an interrupted aortic arch?
• What does an opening in the septum secundum create?
• Which statement describes the circulation pattern present until Day 27 in early heart development?
• What do perforations in the septum primum create?
• Which embryologic process forms the aorticopulmonary septum?
• The left sinus horn becomes which structure?
• The right sinus horn becomes which structure?
• Which embryologic structure gives rise to the ductus arteriosus and the left pulmonary artery?
• The septum primum separates which chambers?
• Which structure is located to the right of the septum primum during development?
• What morphogenetic process converts the straight heart tube into looping heart?
• Which statement best describes Tetralogy of Fallot?
• Approximately what percentage of ASDs are secundum type?
• The right sinuatrial valve develops into which structures?
• The foramen primum is located between which structures?
• Which fetal vessel carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus?
• Double outlet right ventricle results from malalignment of which septum?
• The coronary vascular supply develops from which tissue source?
• Which direction does the heart tube normally loop during embryologic development?
• By Week 5, which of the following describes the remodeling of the venous system?
• By what process do the endocardial cushions form from the endocardial lining?
• Conus Cordis gives rise to which structure?
• Membranous portion origin?
• During which developmental process do mesenchymal tubercles appear that give rise to the semilunar valves?
• Which statement about Tetralogy of Fallot is true?